Performance Analysis of Swarm Intelligence-Based Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Network and Wireless Mesh Networks

Ant colonies reside in social insect societies and maintain distributed systems that present a highly structured social organization despite of the simplicity of their individuals. Ants’ algorithm belongs to the Swarm Intelligence (SI), which is proposed to find the shortest path. Among various works inspired by ant colonies, the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) metaheuristic algorithms are the most successful and popular, e.g., AntNet, Multiple Ant Colony Optimization (MACO) and AntHocNet. But there are several shortcomings including the freezing problem of the optimum path, traffic engineering, and to link failure due to nodes mobility in wireless mobile networks. The metaheuristic and distributed route discovery for data load management in Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) and Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) are fundamental targets of this study. Also the main aim of this research is to solve the freezing problem during optimum as well as sub-optimum path discovery process. In this research, Intelligent AntNet based Routing Algorithm (IANRA) is presented for routing in WMNs and MANET to find optimum and near-optimum paths for data packet routing. In IANRA, a source node reactively sets up a path to a destination node at the beginning of each communication. This procedure uses ant-like agents to discover optimum and alternative paths. The fundamental point in IANRA is to find optimum and sub-optimum routes by the capability of breeding of ants. This ability is continuation of route that was produced by the parent ants. The new generations of ants inherit identifier of their family, the generation number, and the routing information that their parents get during their routing procedure. By this procedure, IANRA is able to prevent some of the existing difficulties in AntNet, MACO and Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing algorithms. OMNeT++ was used to simulate the IARNA algorithm for WMNs and MANET. The results show that the IANRA routing algorithm improved the data packet delivery ratio for both WMNs and MANET. Besides, it is able to decrease average end-to-end packet delay compared to other algorithms by showing its efficiency. IANRA has decreased average end-to-end packet delay by 31.16%, 58.20% and 48.40% in MANET scenario 52.86%, 64.52% and 62.86% by increasing packet generation rate in WMNs compared to AntHocNet, AODV and B-AntNet routing algorithms respectively with increased network load. On the other hand, IANRA shows the packet delivery ratio of 91.96% and 82.77% in MANET, 97.31% and 92.25% in WMNs for low (1 packet/s) and high (20 packet/s) data load respectively

Tracking moving targets in wireless sensor networks using extended diffusion strategies of distributed Kalman filter

Using wireless sensor networks to track the position of a moving object in a 3-D spatial model requires precise information of location and speed of the object, which in turn demands for accuracy in state estimation of distributed Kalman filter. In view of reducing the impacts of noise in the dynamic linear system and achieve optimized state estimate, the current study proposes extended strategies of Kalman filter diffusion based on distributed Kalman filter. Through the proposed strategies, each node communicates merely with its neighbor nodes. The data aggregation is done in a set of neighborhood using instructions of recursive Kalman filter iterations with specific weights. The proposed algorithms provide precise state estimates in a moment as global state estimates using various updates at each step. As a simulation study, we applied the algorithms in a network to track the position and speed of a projectile and compared the results with real world circumstances, using the concept of transient mean square deviations of network as a cost function. The results report improvements over the conventional methods in terms of mean square errors

Friend recommendation based on the Luscher color theory: Twitter use case

At the area of information technology, social networks are becoming an unavoidable part of the Internet usage, due to their facilities for users as well as the benefits to the providers. However, the popularity and thereby, the success of social networks depends highly on number of the network members. This in turn, depends on considerations for several criteria such as networking and number of networks. On the other hand, it is believed that suggestion of appropriate friends to members performed by an effective recommender system can lead to suitable content ranking and consequently, impact the growth of the network in significant sense. The current paper introduces a novel method of recommending celebrities in a social network based on genetic algorithm and the concept of color psychology. The proposed method is applied to Twitter social network as case study, through which the cost function of the user is first optimized to achieve the ideal weights, and the celebrities are then ranked based on the specified parameters as follower and following counts, background color and description. The system is tested using real data of celebrities and number of 100 users with identical parameters. The results evidence the closest recommendation in terms of affordable recommendation error rates as low as 7.6% based on the psychological data validation

Performance analysis of ant colony's algorithm: load-balancing in QoS-based wireless mesh networks routing

In this paper, a noble load balancing algorithm for Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs)is presented. The design of the algorithm is based on: the specific self-organizing behavior of ant colonies, the shortest path discovery, and the related framework of ant colony optimization (ACO). WMNs that consist of static wireless routers, .some of which called gateways, are directly connected to the wired infrastructure. This policy is based on Ant-Net method with moveable factors having operation similar to ant. The main point considered in this proposed method is capability of breeding of ants. This capability is continuation of route that is produced by the parent ants. By this capability, the target is to find an optimized route by creating a number of generations. In addition, it uses various generations, in a type of genetic algorithm to find optimized route. This can provide the required route with special goals. This method is able to prevent some of the difficulties which have not been seen in the colony algorithms of ants. The results show that, this new proposed method shows better operation in comparison to Ant-Net and other related methods. Also it can significantly increase the throughput and reduce the rate of delay in the network

QoS based fair load-balancing: paradigm to IANRA routing algorithm for wireless networks (WNs)

In this paper, a new algorithm, Intelligent agent AntNet based Routing Algorithm (IANRA) is proposed to enhance load balancing strategy in Wireless Networks (WNs). IANRA is based on Ants behaviour with some important factors such as: the specific self-organizing behaviour of ant colonies, the shortest path discovery and the related framework of Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). The main focus in IANRA is to find optimum and near optimum route by means of Genetic Algorithm (GA) using breeding capability of ants. Here, ants can produce a number of generations with the target to discover an optimized route. Hence IANRA is able to prevent of the difficulties which exist in existing routing algorithms, such as Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), AntNet etc. The obtained results show that the efficiency of IANRA algorithm is better than AODV and AntNet or any other related algorithm. In addition, the proposed algorithm (IANRA) is able to reduce the end-to-end delay and increase the packet delivery ratio significantly

Guidelines to SLA modeling and establishment in heterogeneous communications networks

© 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.The question of how to specify, provide and measure service quality for network end-users has been of utmost interest for service and network infrastructure providers and their clients as well. The Service Level Agreement (SLA) is a beneficial tool in formalizing the interrelationships resulting from a negotiation among all participating actors with the target of achieving a common comprehension concerning delivery of services, its priorities, quality, responsibilities, and other relevant parameters. A horizontal SLA is an agreement between two service-providers existing at the same architectural layer (as for example two Internet Protocol (IP) or two Optical Transport Network (OTN) domains). A vertical SLA is an agreement between two individual providers at two different architectural layers (for instance, between an optical network and the core MPLS network). A service has to be defined without ambiguity utilizing Service Level Specifications (SLS) and three information types must be described: i) The QoX metrics as well as their corresponding thresholds; ii) A method of service performance measurement; iii) Service schedule. In this work we present preliminary simulation results that enable the development of a generic methodology for SLA modeling and establishment that will lead to a win-win situation for all involved actors. As an example, we put special attention in the benefits obtained by Optical Networks operators.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Service Level Agreements for Communication Networks: A Survey

Abstract. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is being provided to the variety of endusers demands, thereby providing a better and improved management of services is crucial. Therefore, Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are essential and play a key role to manage the provided services among the network entities. This survey identifies the state of the art covering concepts, approaches and open problems of the SLAs establishment, deployment and management. This paper is organised in a way that the reader can access a variety of proposed SLA methods and models addressed and provides an overview of the SLA actors and elements. It also describes SLAs’ characteristics and objectives. SLAs’ existing methodologies are explained and categorised followed by the Service Quality Categories (SQD) and Quality-Based Service Descriptions (QSD). SLA modelling and architectures are discussed, and open research problems and future research directions are introduced. The establishment of a reliable, safe and QoE-aware computer networking needs a group of services that goes beyond pure networking services. Therefore, within the paper this broader set of services are taken into consideration and for each Service Level Objective (SLO) the related services domains will be indicated. The purpose of this survey is to identify existing research gaps in utilising SLA elements to develop a generic methodology, considering all quality parameters beyond the Quality of Service (QoS) and what must or can be taken into account to define, establish and deploy an SLA. This study is still an active research on how to specify and develop an SLA to achieve the win-win agreements among all actors.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Service Level Agreements for Communication Networks: A Survey

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is being provided to the variety of end-users demands, thereby providing a better and improved management of services is crucial. Therefore, Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are essential and play a key role to manage the provided services among the network entities. This survey identifies the state of the art covering concepts, approaches and open problems of the SLAs establishment, deployment and management. This paper is organised in a way that the reader can access a variety of proposed SLA methods and models addressed and provides an overview of the SLA actors and elements. It also describes SLAs' characteristics and objectives. SLAs' existing methodologies are explained and categorised followed by the Service Quality Categories (SQD) and Quality-Based Service Descriptions (QSD). SLA modelling and architectures are discussed, and open research problems and future research directions are introduced. The establishment of a reliable, safe and QoE-aware computer networking needs a group of services that goes beyond pure networking services. Therefore, within the paper this broader set of services are taken into consideration and for each Service Level Objective (SLO) the related services domains will be indicated. The purpose of this survey is to identify existing research gaps in utilising SLA elements to develop a generic methodology, considering all quality parameters beyond the Quality of Service (QoS) and what must or can be taken into account to define, establish and deploy an SLA. This study is still an active research on how to specify and develop an SLA to achieve the win-win agreements among all actors.Comment: 25 Pages, 4 Figure

An optimized energy saving mechanism in IEEE 802.16e mobile WiMAX systems

The IEEE 802.16e standard defines a sleep mode operation for conserving power to support the battery life of mobile broadband wireless access (BWA) devices. The system saves energy when it goes through a sleep period with some delay in packet arrival response time. The relationship between energy consumption and the delay is studied to ensure best performance for mobile devices. This relationship has been analyzed by using a mathematical model. A new scheduling method is proposed to adjust the sleep cycle periods by adding a small increase to the next sleep cycle compared with the previous cycle instead of just simply doubling the previous cycle. The simulated results were obtained after adjusting the length of the first sleep cycle period (Tmin). Adjusting Tmin  provides a result of 54% reduction in the time needed for every frame to get a response especially in a lower traffic region. In a high traffic region, a reduction of 21.5% has been obtained in energy consumption for each sleep mode operation. Therefore, the proposed idea confirms a faster frame response time at lower energy consumption

A review and comparison of reliable unicast routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks

An important and essential issue for mobile ad hoc networks is routing protocol design that is a major technical challenge due to the dynamism of the network. Node failures and arbitrary movement of nodes break the routes and lead the frequent operation of rebuilding routes that consume lots of the network resources and the energy of nodes. Many efforts have been made to design reliable routing protocol s that enhance network stability. This paper review and compare some recently published reliable unicast routing protocols, that can be used for selecting appropriate routing protocols, which are suitable for a particular application. Also it will maximize the reliability of the deployed network. Furthermore the proposed methods used in the reviewed protocols, can help designers and researchers for enhancing the reliability of their new routing protocols